Isikhumba singenye yezinto ezindala kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Kusukela kudala, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa uboya bezilwane ukuze bahlobise futhi bavikeleke. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokuqala bokukhiqiza isikhumba babulula kakhulu, ukucwilisa uboya besilwane emanzini bese bubucubungula. Ngokushintsha kwezikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza isikhumba somuntu buye bavela kancane kancane futhi bathuthuka. Kusukela endleleni yokukhiqiza yokuqala kuya ekukhiqizeni kwesimanje kwezimboni, izinto zesikhumba zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomuntu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwesikhumba kwasekuqaleni
Ukukhiqizwa kwesikhumba kwasekuqaleni kungalandelelwa emuva enkathini yaseGibhithe lasendulo cishe ngo-4000 BC. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babecwilisa uboya bezilwane emanzini bese bebugaya ngamafutha emifino emvelo namanzi anosawoti. Le ndlela yokukhiqiza ingeyakudala kakhulu futhi ayikwazi ukukhiqiza izinto zesikhumba ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka umsebenzi omningi nesikhathi enqubweni yokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuqina okuqinile nokuqina kwezinto zesikhumba, zazisetshenziswa kakhulu emphakathini wasendulo ukwenza izingubo, izicathulo, izikhwama nezinye izinto.
Ngokushintsha kwezikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza isikhumba somuntu buthuthuke kancane kancane. Cishe ngo-1500 BC, amaGreki asendulo aqala ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokushuka ukucubungula uboya bezilwane ukuze bukhiqize izinto zesikhumba ezithambile nezihlala isikhathi eside. Umgomo wobuchwepheshe bokushuka ukusebenzisa izinto zokushuka ukuze unqamule i-collagen eboyeni bezilwane, iyenze ibe thambile, imelane namanzi, imelane nokugqwala nezinye izakhiwo. Le ndlela yokukhiqiza yayisetshenziswa kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseYurophu yasendulo futhi yaba indlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza isikhumba sasendulo.
Ukwenziwa kwesikhumba sangempela
Isikhumba sangempela sibhekisela ezintweni zesikhumba zemvelo ezenziwe ngoboya bezilwane. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza besikhumba sangempela buthuthuke kakhulu futhi buyinkimbinkimbi kunalobo bokukhiqizwa kwesikhumba kwasekuqaleni. Izinqubo eziyinhloko zokwenziwa kwesikhumba sangempela zifaka: ukuhlubula uboya bezilwane, ukucwiliswa emanzini, ukuwasha, ukushuka, ukudaya nokucutshungulwa. Phakathi kwazo, ukushuka nokudaya kuyizinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwesikhumba sangempela.
Enqubweni yokushuka, izinto ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokushuka zihlanganisa izinto zokushuka zemifino, izinto zokushuka nge-chrome nezinto zokushuka zokwenziwa. Phakathi kwazo, izinto zokushuka kwe-chrome zisetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yezinzuzo zazo ezifana nesivinini sokucubungula okusheshayo, ikhwalithi ezinzile kanye nomphumela omuhle. Kodwa-ke, amanzi angcolile kanye nezinsalela zemfucuza ezikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokushukwa kwe-chrome zizongcolisa indawo ezungezile, ngakho zidinga ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele.
Phakathi nenqubo yokudaya, isikhumba sangempela singadaywa ngemibala ehlukene njengoba kudingeka ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela ehlukene yokuhlobisa neyokuvikela. Ngaphambi kokudaya, isikhumba sangempela sidinga ukuphathwa phezulu ukuze udayi ungene ngokugcwele futhi ulungise endaweni yesikhumba. Njengamanje, izinhlobo kanye nekhwalithi yamadayi zihlala zithuthuka, ezingahlangabezana nezidingo zabantu ezahlukene kanye nokuthandwa kwezinto zesikhumba.
Ukwenziwa kwesikhumba se-PU ne-PVC
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bamakhemikhali, abantu baye bathola kancane kancane izinto zokwenziwa ezintsha ezingalingisa ukubukeka nomuzwa wesikhumba sangempela, futhi zibe nepulasitiki engcono, ukungangeni kwamanzi kanye nokuqina. Lezi zinto zokwenziwa ikakhulukazi zifaka isikhumba se-PU (i-polyurethane) ne-PVC (i-polyvinyl chloride) yesikhumba.
Isikhumba se-PU siyisikhumba esifanisiwe esenziwe nge-polyurethane impahla, enezici zokuthamba, ukumelana namanzi, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye nokumelana nokukhala. Indlela yayo yokukhiqiza ukugqoka i-polyurethane impahla ku-fiber noma impahla engalukiwe, futhi yakha impahla yesikhumba ngemuva kwe-calendering, ukushuka, ukudaya nezinye izinqubo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhumba sangempela, isikhumba se-PU sinezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi nokucubungula kalula, futhi singalingisa imibala ehlukahlukene kanye nemiphumela yokuthungwa. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni izingubo, izicathulo, ifenisha neminye imikhiqizo.
Isikhumba se-PVC siwuhlobo lwesikhumba esilingisayo esenziwe nge-polyvinyl chloride impahla, enezici zokungangeni kwamanzi, ukumelana nokuguga futhi kulula ukusihlanza. Indlela yayo yokukhiqiza ukugqoka i-polyvinyl chloride impahla ku-substrate, bese yenza izinto zesikhumba ngokusebenzisa i-calendering, imidwebo, ukudaya nezinye izinqubo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhumba se-PU, isikhumba se-PVC sinezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi kanye nokuqina okuqinile, futhi singalingisa imibala namaphethini ahlukahlukene. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni izihlalo zemoto, imithwalo, izikhwama kanye neminye imikhiqizo.
Yize isikhumba se-PU ne-PVC sinezinzuzo eziningi, zisenobubi obuthile. Isibonelo, inqubo yabo yokukhiqiza izokhiqiza inani elikhulu lamagesi ayingozi namanzi angcolile, okuzongcolisa imvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi sabo sokuphila asikho isikhathi eside njengesikhumba sangempela, futhi kulula ukunyamalala nokuguga. Ngakho-ke, abantu badinga ukunaka ukulungiswa nokugcinwa lapho besebenzisa le mikhiqizo yesikhumba yokwenziwa.
Ukwenziwa kwesikhumba se-silicone
Ngaphezu kwesikhumba sangempela sendabuko kanye nesikhumba sokwenziwa, uhlobo olusha lwempahla yesikhumba, isikhumba se-silicone, luye lwavela eminyakeni yamuva. Isikhumba se-silicone yisikhumba sokwenziwa esenziwe ngezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-silicone kanye ne-fiber coating yokwenziwa, enezinzuzo zesisindo esilula, ukumelana nokugoqa, ukulwa nokuguga, ukungangeni kwamanzi, ukulwa nokungcola nokulula ukuyihlanza, nokuzizwa kahle kwesikhumba nokunethezeka.
Isikhumba se-Silicone sinokusetshenziswa okubanzi futhi singasetshenziswa ukwenza izinto zangaphakathi zemoto, izikhwama, amakesi omakhalekhukhwini neminye imikhiqizo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhumba se-PU ne-PVC, isikhumba se-silicone sinokumelana okungcono kwe-hydrolysis, ukumelana ne-UV, ukumelana nosawoti esifuthoni kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu nokuphansi, futhi akulula ukuguga nokufiphala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awekho amagesi ayingozi namanzi angcolile akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwesikhumba se-silicone, futhi ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nakho kuncane.
Isiphetho
Njengempahla yasendulo nemfashini, isikhumba siye sadlula inqubo ende yokuthuthukiswa. Kusukela ekucutshungulweni koboya besilwane sokuqala kuya esikhumbeni sangempela sesimanje, i-PU, isikhumba se-PVC nesikhumba se-silicone, izinhlobo nekhwalithi yesikhumba ithuthukiswe ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ububanzi bokusebenza bunwetshwe ngokuqhubekayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisikhumba sangempela noma isikhumba sokwenziwa, sinezinzuzo zayo eziyingqayizivele kanye nokubi, futhi abantu kudingeka bakhethe ngokuvumelana nezidingo nezimo ezihlukahlukene lapho beyisebenzisa.
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokukhiqiza kanye nezinto zamakhemikhali kuthathe indawo yezindlela eziningi zokwenza isikhumba sendabuko, isikhumba sangempela siseyinto eyigugu, futhi umuzwa wayo oyingqayizivele nokuthungwa kwenza kube yisinqumo sokuqala semikhiqizo ephezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu baye baqaphela kancane kancane ukubaluleka kokuvikelwa kwemvelo futhi baqala ukuzama ukusebenzisa izinto ezinobungani bemvelo nezisimeme ukuze bathathe indawo yesikhumba sokwenziwa kwendabuko. Isikhumba seSilicone singenye yezinto ezintsha. Ayigcini nje ngokusebenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa futhi inokungcola okuncane kwemvelo. Kungashiwo ukuthi kuyizinto ezithembisayo kakhulu.
Ngamafuphi, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokunaka kwabantu ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, isikhumba, impahla yasendulo nesemfashinini, nayo ihlala ivela futhi ithuthuka. Noma ngabe kuyisikhumba sangempela, i-PU, isikhumba se-PVC, noma isikhumba se-silicone, iwukucwebezela kokuhlakanipha kwabantu nokusebenza kanzima. Ngikholelwa ukuthi ekuthuthukisweni okuzayo, izinto zesikhumba zizoqhubeka nokusungula futhi zishintshe, zilethe ubuhle obengeziwe kanye nokulula empilweni yomuntu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-15-2024